Rational Choice Theory Essay - 1848 Words

White-collar crime accounts for billions of dollars in losses for companies every year (Gottschalk, 2017). Particularly, internal company theft has reached pandemic proportions, with evidence that it is one of the fastest growing categories of crime in many Western countries (Gottschalk, 2017). Thus, the purpose of this paper will be to examine this fast-growing phenomenon of employee theft using two theoretical backgrounds: rational choice theory (RCT) and hormonal influences. Specifically, these two theories will be used to provide reasoning as to why a single mother of two who is a senior management team member of a mid-sized telecommunications industry would issue herself false cheques, thus committing fraud. Rational Choice Theory†¦show more content†¦This convenience can be seen as one of the most important aspects of white-collar crime that may influence the offender in perceiving that the benefits of the crime outweigh the costs. Being head of the payroll department, Janine could have easily exploited opportunities and illegally benefitted by issuing herself cheques. Her high position in the company allowed her to hide her illegal transactions in legal transactions, making it look like ordinary business. Gottschalk (2017) explains that the fact that there is little risk and great reward is what makes white-collar crime so attractive to rational people. When further applying RCT to this specific scenario, it is evident that background factors, current life circumstances, and situational variables played a prominent role in Janine’s determination of the benefits of her actions outweighing the costs. Being a single mother of two, Janine struggled to get by. She worked long hours, weekends, and holidays, which was barely enough to cover the costs of daily living expenses as well as daycare for the children. One day, Janine was reading the newspaper and saw an article on workplace fraud. She couldn’t believe how common it was, with a whopping 26% of Canadian small-and mid-sized firms being victims of fraud, and those were only the ones that had been discovered. Later that day Janine was called to the president’s office. She left feeling overwhelmed andShow MoreRelated Rational Choice Theory Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesThere are three main points that are reinforced in rational choice theory (Cornish and Clarke, 1986). First, it may work better or worse for different types of crime, yet it is thought that there are rational choices in every type of crime even impulsive and pathologic crimes. Second, the theory should be applied on a crime-specific basis. Hence, burglaries can’t be grouped together in among residential and commercial categories. Rather, they must be broken into smaller facets such as publicRead MoreEssay about Rational Choice Theory in Political Science4404 Words   |  18 PagesRational Choice Theory in Political Science According to one of rational choice theory’s prominent and more thoughtful contemporary exponents, Peter C. Ordeshook, â€Å"four books mark the beginning of modern political theory: Anthony Downs’s An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957), Duncan Black’s Theory of Committees and Elections (1958), William H. Riker’s A Theory of Political Coalitions (1962), and James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock’s The Calculus of Consent (1962). These volumes, along with KennethRead MoreRational Choice Theory as a Deterant to Crime Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesWritten Assignment 1 (Due October 1st ) Rational choice theories are among the fastest growing theories in social science today. Many sociologists and political scientists defend the claim that rational choice theory can provide the basis for a unified and comprehensive theory of social behavior. What distinguishes rational choice theory from other forms of theory is that it denies the existence of any kinds of action other than the purely rational and calculative. All social action can be seenRead MoreRational Choice Theory Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesRational choice theory, also known simply as choice theory, is the assessment of a potential offender to commit a crime. Choice theory is the belief that committing a crime is a rational decision, based on cost benefit analysis. The would-be offender will weigh the costs of committing a particular crime: fines, jail time, and imprisonment versus the benefits: money, status, heightened adrenaline. Depending on which factors out-weigh the other, a criminal will decide to c ommit or forgo committingRead MoreRational Choice vs. Trait Theory Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesRational Choice Theory VS. Trait Theory Student Name Criminology : Park University Online Program In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the Rational Choice Theory(s) and the Trait Theory(s). We will start with the history of the two theories and progress toward some of the individual principles in the theories. Next step will be explaining how each theory contributes to criminal behavior. My closing paragraph will concludeRead MoreThe Rational Model of Policy Decision Making2827 Words   |  12 PagesSelected Essays by Lefoko O. Molebatsi (2001) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Public Policy and Policy Analysis: The Rational Model Question: The rational model of public policy making, though heavily criticized, is the most widely used and or talked about model. Discuss why. By Lefoko O. Molebatsi (University of Botswana) Instructor: Prof G. S Maipose 2001 1 Selected Essays by Lefoko O. Molebatsi (2001) -Read MoreFactors Affecting Rational Choice2729 Words   |  11 PagesFactors Affecting Rational Choice Most consumer behavior analyses and programs seek to dig out consumers’ needs and wants, which direct their purchasing and decision behaviors. Consumer behavior and choice are complex, inherently dynamic and potentially affected by a number of factors. According to this, it seems that the rational choice theory should make some adjustments to be adopted to this increasingly more dynamic reality and marketing environment and thus set a realistic and stable base forRead MoreDebate Controversy Regarding Free Speech And Hate Speech1940 Words   |  8 Pagesmyself need to examine and explore two theories of behavior, egoistic and affective, that will give us insight into how students make their decisions on whether or not to protest. A flyer will be designed for each theory either discouraging students to attend protests or encouraging them to participate. After this, we will examine both flyers for their probable success or failure and choose one flyer based upon its likelihood t o succeed. An egoistic theory of behavior is one way to explain the â€Å"waysRead MoreAre People Rational (in the Economist’s Sense) and Reasonable (in the Lawyer’s Sense)? Whatever Your Answer to That Question, Does It Matter?3193 Words   |  13 Pagesaround the world.† ~ Chaos Theory Everyday, you make decisions that affect the path that you have taken, to different degrees, resulting in the current situation you now find yourself in. Chaos Theory reflects the fact that however small the decision may be, the consequences have the potential to be substantial. These day-to-day decisions, may have huge implications on tomorrow’s, thus one would believe/hope that they are made rationally and reasonably. This essay aims to discuss whether theseRead MoreDeterrence And Rational Choice Theory777 Words   |  4 Pagespeople may feel as if the deterrence theory does not work. Due to the fact that crime still happens in the world. This essay will look at the support for the theory. As well as the key problems for the theory. Next, it will explain some of the newest directions in deterrence/rational choice theory. Finally, it will either agree/disagree with someone’s thought on deterrence and how it does not work and is a waste of time to study. Deterrence and rational choice are two different things. Deterrence

Discrimination Is Not A New Controversy - 1974 Words

Discrimination in sport is not a new controversy, discrimination in all forms has been happening since the very beginning of physical activity and sport. Some forms of discrimination in sport include sexism, gender stereotyping, homophobia, and racism. All forms of discrimination affect everyone involved in sport, from athletes to coaches, spectators to owners. To fully comprehend the effects of discrimination in sport, we must understand the definition of discrimination. According to Oxford Dictionary, discrimination is defined as the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex (Definition of discrimination). Since the introduction of sport and physical activity, society s perspective and attitudes have changed and have become more accepting of differences in society and sport. Every country, culture, religion, and society has a different view when it comes to norms and what is socially acceptable, especially in terms of discrimination against their own and others population. There has been an increasing amount of acceptance of those who are different, more notably in Canada. Canada is a country of multiculturalism, meaning that their citizens and government accept and celebrate differences in culture, race, ethnicity, religion, and traditions. According to the International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Canada ranks fifth in the world in terms of the largest foreign-born populationShow MoreRelatedAmerican Laws And The Lgbtq Community1407 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Laws and the LGBTQ+ Community â€Å"Discrimination [dih-skrim-uh-ney-shuh n]: treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit.† Right from the dictionary, the definition is clear. Look back 95 years to 1920, where women across America raised their voices and fought back for the right to vote. Now take a look back 48 years ago when in 1967Read MoreEssay about Equal Employment Opportunity1004 Words   |  5 Pagesprohibit discrimination on account of sex in the payment of wages by employers engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce. June 10, 1963 [S. 1409]† (1). In other words, employers cannot pay a woman, who performs the same job as a man, less because of her gender. This act is an amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act which states that it is illegal to pay workers lower wages strictly on the basis on their sex. B. Civil Rights Act of 1964 â€Å"Prohibits discrimination in employmentRead MoreThe Fight Against Hate1268 Words   |  6 Pageshim or her by discrimination by another group of people. Rep. Darryl Rouson says, â€Å"This bill seeks to protect our weakest† (Homeless could be added). In 2003, 7,489 bias motivated incidents were reported; of those, 51.4% were based on race, 17.9% had to do with religion, 16.6% were because of sexual orientation, 13.7% had to do with ethnicity and 0.4% involved disability (Update: Hate Crime Laws, 3). With 7,489 incidences reported the true amount could be twice as much. Discrimination can happen toRead MoreWomen Should NOT Have Equality Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pagesfeminist supporters believe that the only explanation for this controversy is due to â€Å"†¦gender bias still lingering† (â€Å"Women in U.S. Politics). Recently, women have been able to prove themselves in politics and have upheld top positions such as governors and senators. Senator Hillary Clinton made history, becoming the first woman to win a U.S. presidential primary with her victory in New Hampshire (â€Å"Women in U.S. Politics). Gender discrimination is obviously not the problem. †The real reason for the shortageRead MoreAffirmative Action in the Workplace1282 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action in the Workplace Introduction The Civil Rights Act of 1964 empowered minorities in many different ways, most notably in prohibiting discrimination in the workplace. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act expressly prohibits discrimination in hiring, firing, promotion, pay, benefits and other aspects of employment based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (U.S. Department of Labor, 2012). This law was seen as a major boon to minorities and women in the workforce whoRead MoreMandatory Retirement Essay examples1379 Words   |  6 PagesMandatory retirement is perhaps a necessary evil; as older employees are forced out of the work force, it creates space for new, younger employees. Mandatory retirement is a form of age discrimination, it forces a person to retire because they are a certain age; it does not take into account if that person wants to retire. It also does not take into account the financial standing of the individual, or if they are physically or mentally still capable of doing the job. Although mandatory retirementRead MoreThe Death Penalty: Multiple Methods of Execution1489 Words   |  6 Pagesevidence might have been proven false, or there was little to nothing proof, and the court couldn’t come to a decision. Although, when DNA evidence was created, proof became easier to present and was more trusted. Unconstitutional? There is major controversy between the phrase from the 8th Amendment â€Å"Cruel and unusual punishment† because some believe that killing someone in any way shape or form is a cruel punishment even if they themselves killed another individual. While others believe with the ideaRead MoreReligious Persecution and Discrimination1220 Words   |  5 PagesDiscrimination is defined as negative attitudes or behavior between people with differences. Frequently, opponents label each other with spiteful words. However religious discrimination can lead to violence. Many times religious discrimination can cause judgment during employment, limited educational opportunities, and restrictive social interaction. Throughout the centuries, Judaism, Catholicism, and Islam have been negatively persecuted by numerous communities. Religious discrimination has impededRead MoreAffirmative Action For African Americans1478 Words   |  6 Pagesof separate but equal. Affirmative Action was only reb orn in 1941. On June 25 of that year President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802. It Oliveira 2 stopped government contractors from employment discrimination. It was the first presidential action against discrimination during employment. One of the main reasons for signing was that no acts or demonstration disrupted the making of weapons for war. It was extended to government contractors and subcontractors two years later. It allRead MoreThe Silencing of Mary Dyer778 Words   |  3 PagesSociety has not changed much since the time of Mary Dyer. Challenges surface left and right to people undeserving. No one should stand down to what they believe in. Today, individuals are faced with much discrimination, but religious discrimination seems to stand out the most. Everyone is left with a choice to make despite what society has to say. Just like Mary Dyer. Mary Dyer was a Quaker. Quakers are a group of people with Christian roots. Quakers believe in equality. They don’t like

Punk Essay Example For Students

Punk Essay Punk is a term applied to a child or teenager who acts in an antisocial way. Punk music is a form of rebellion, and it turned against all other musical forms and influences at its time of creation. Punk music is as much cultural as it is musical. It is anarchic, against society, and against everything in established order. Patrick Goldsteins article, Violence Sneaks into Punk Scene, is about one mans observation of the experiences with violenceand aggressive nature of youths rebellion. In the authors opinion, The accounts of senseless violence, vandalism, and even mutilation at some area rock clubs read like a report from a war zone. Throughout Goldsteins article, Freudian theory can be utilized to explain the aggressive nature of the punk movement and youths involved in it. There are many different theories as to human nature. One of these theories exists under the thoughts of a prominent philosopher, and founder of Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. His deductive argument entails his conclusion that man is bad, or as Freud explains it in his book, Civilization and Its Discontents, Homo homini lupus. This phrase literally means man is a wolf to man. Freud felt all men are innately evil and his aggression lies within him as part of human nature. Freud felt aggression can be hidden deep in our subconscious and explode in certain situations. In Goldsteins article, there are many examples to show Freuds opinion to be true. As one punk rocker stated, Its no wonder there are so many fights . . . these idiots kept punching us in the back. Finally I got fed up and started hitting these guys, even though they were bigger than me. Another was quoted as saying, All they want to do is fight. And next time Im going to be ready to give em one. When we have provoked someone with any form of aggression or violence, the first reaction, even if it is not considered normal for their particular behavior, is to show aggression in return. Aggression does not have to be subconscious in nature. It can be on the surface of our behavior and in constant use. Our inclination to aggression is apparent in ones relationship with their neighbors and apparent in what they see as every day, casual behavior. One manager of a club remembered a situation dealing with two young women from a local punk band. While one was talking to me, the other went into the girls room and broke a bunch of beer bottles in the sink and ran her hands through the glass. Then she came out to talk to me, blood steaming down her arms. Others reported situations where several girls would carve Xs into their arms with broken glass in support for a local band. Self mutilation in a show of aggressive behavior can come with positive outcomes and continues to reaffirm violence and aggression. Freud also believed aggression is another human instinct that brings us joy and happiness. However, civilization refuses any acts of violence, it oppresses this need of aggression deep in our consciousness. The first thing we do when no one is watching is anything civilization refuses to allow us to do. Goldstein, in his article, describes the dance craze called the Slam. He believes it is, an organized gang of punk youths, leading to numerous incidents of violence at many area clubs. On the contrary, a member of an area band the Germs who would be considered a participant observer feels, If theyre doing that (Slam), then Iknow they are having fun. Freuds opinion of releasing aggression, bringing about happiness and going about it by defying civilization and cultural opinion, is the underlying reason for the punk movement. .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe , .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe .postImageUrl , .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe , .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe:hover , .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe:visited , .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe:active { border:0!important; } .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe:active , .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u55cebc0f86ff9bae9ce019677ffb10fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gay Marriage EssayAs seen through the classic examples of aggressive behavior in Goldsteins article, Freuds argument comprises factually correct statements, for both his time and the punk movement. His arguments conclusion is well supported and his premises meet the conditions of a deductive argument with relevance and ground. This means that wherever we come from, whatever our culture is, we are aggressive by nature. From that sense, civilization steps in with a beneficial purpose, as it tames the human nature. However, civilization creates human source of worry and distress, and oppresses our basic human instinct.

Ku Klux Klan Essays (2254 words) - Ku Klux Klan, Racism,

Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan: The First Era With the ending of the Civil War in 1865, the period of American history known as the Reconstruction began. It was during this era that the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist group, spunoff from the freemasons, first came to power. The Freemasons usually tended to attract people in the upper-middle class, while the KKK and Knights of Labor, another racist group, attracted the working class. The KKK was formed mostly to restore the peculiar institution of slavery to America and to reinstate the Caucasian race as the most superior race in the world. A former Confederate general and Freemason, Nathan Bedford Forrest, founded the Klan in 1866 because Negroes were being allowed to enter the brotherhood of freemasonry. He served as the Klans first Imperial Wizard, and Albert Pike, another freemason, held the office of the Chief Justice of the KKK. He held this office while he was simultaneously Sovereign Grand Commander of Scottish Rite, Freemasons, Southern Jurisdiction. His racism was well known, and in justifying his actions, he stated I took my obligation to white men, not to Negroes. When I have to accept Negroes as brothers or leave Masonry, I shall leave it. (1) The bare facts about the birth of the Ku Klux Klan and its revival a half century later are baffling to most people today. Little more than a year after it was founded, the secret society thundered across the war-torn south, sabotaged Reconstruction governments, and imposed a reign of terror and violence that lasted three or four years. And then, as rapidly as it had spread, the Klan faded into the History books. After World War I, a new version of the Klan sputtered to life and brought many parts of the nation under its paralyzing grip of racism and bloodshed. Then, having grown to be a major force for the second time, the Klan again receded into the background. This time it never quite disappeared, but it never again commanded such widespread support. The origin of the Ku Klux Klan was a carefully guarded secret for years, although there were many theories to explain its beginnings. One popular notion held that the Ku Klux Klan was originally a secret order of Chinese opium smugglers. Another claimed it was begun by Confederate prisoners during the war. The most ridiculous theory attributed the name to some ancient Jewish document referring to the Hebrews enslaved by Egyptian pharaohs. In fact, the beginning of the Klan involved nothing so sinister, subversive, or ancient as the theories supposed. It was the boredom of small-town life that led six young Confederate veterans to gather around a fireplace one December evening in 1865 and form a social club. The place was Pulaski, Tennessee, near the Alabama border. When they reassembled a week later, the six young men were full of ideas for their new society. It would be secret, to heighten the amusement, and the titles for the various officers were to have names as preposterous-sounding as possible, partly for the fun of it and partly to avoid any military or political implications. Therefore, the head of the group was called the Grand Cyclops. His assistant was the Grand Magi; there was to be a Grand Turk to greet all candidates for admission, a Grand Scribe to act as secretary, Night Hawks for messengers, and a Lictor to be guard. The members, when the six young men found some, would be called Ghouls. But the remaining question was what to call the society itself. The founders were determined to come up with something unusual and mysterious. Being well-educated, they turned to Greek. After tossing around a number of ideas, Richard R. Reed suggested the word kuklos, from which the English words circle and cycle are derived. Another member, Captain John B. Kennedy, had an ear for alliteration and added the word clam. After tinkering with the sound for awhile, the group settled on calling itself the Ku Klux Klan. The selection of the name, chance though it was, had a great deal to do with the early success of the Klan. Something about the sound of the name aroused curiosity and gave the fledgling club an immediate air of mystery , as did the initials KKK, which would soon take on a terrifying significance. Soon after the founders named the Klan, they decided to do a bit of showing off and so disguised themselves in sheets and galloped their